The SCHEIE Visual Field Grading System

No method of grading visual field (VF) defects has been widely accepted throughout the glaucoma community. The SCHEIE (Systematic Classification of Humphrey visual fields-Easy Interpretation and Evaluation) grading system for glaucomatous visual fields was created to convey qualitative and quantitative information regarding visual field defects in an objective, reproducible, and easily applicable manner for research purposes.

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Periorbital Cellulitis that Developed after Alternative Medication of Hirudo Medicinalis Application

We aimed to present a case of periorbital (preseptal) cellulitis that developed after Hirudo medicinalis alternative medicine application for glaucoma treatment which can be rarely seen in routine ophthalmology practice. A 36 year old woman with a glaucoma was admitted to our outpatient clinic because of redness, pain and swelling around the right eye for three days and gave a history of leech application 1 week ago, that recommended by her relatives as a remedy for glaucoma.

Orbital cellulitis was excluded and cure was achieved with oral ciprofloxacin and flurbiprofen treatment. Patients with chronic diseases such as glaucoma, they are abandoning the treatment over time, will seek solutions from alternative medicine. These inappropriate treatments without scientific evidence can cause various complications. Physicians should maintain proper communication with the patients inform them about their chronic diseases (e.g. glaucoma) to make them the part of the solution and treatments.

Corneal Toxicity after Self-Application of Calotropis procera (Ushaar) Latex: Case Report and Analysis of the Active Components

Calotropis procera (ushaar) produces a copious amount of latex, which has both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties. Local application produces an intense inflammatory response and causes significant ocular morbidity.

We report corneal toxicity following self-application of latex from C. procera in a 74-year-old man. He reported painless decreased vision in the affected eye with diffuse corneal edema, and specular microscopy revealed a reduced endothelial cell count. After he was treated with topical corticosteroids, his visual acuity improved from HM to 20/80. The composition of the active compounds in the latex was analyzed. When topically administered, the latex may cause severe ocular injuries and a loss of endothelial cells over a period of time. Public education, early recognition of such injuries, and timely intervention may prevent permanent ocular damage.

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Ocular Foreign Bodies: A Review

A foreign body is any abnormal substance or object that does not belong to the body (eye). The incidence of foreign body in the eye is high especially in the industrial towns. It can occur at any age and in both genders. It affects the eye by mechanical effects, by introduction of infection or by specific reaction. Introduction of a foreign body is a significant disturbance and can create health problem. The study of the foreign body presents unparalleled opportunities for reducing morbidity and for realizing significant savings in both financial and human terms.

Calotropis procera produces Inflammatory Effects omn Cornea, Poses threat to the eyes

Calotropis procera is a flowering plant native to North Africa, South Asia and Indonesia. The flowers produce bitter and sticky toxic milk. It possesses both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory pharmacological properties. Topic application of latex from C. procera I affects eye with diffuse corneal edema. It resulted in reduced endothelial cell count and severe ocular injuries and a loss of endothelial cells over a period of time. Public education, early recognition of such injuries, and timely intervention may prevent permanent ocular damage.

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Perspectives of Ophthalmologists on Managing Patient Expectations and Improving Patient Satisfaction

To achieve a high level of patient satisfaction, physicians need to identify and address patients' expectations. However, ophthalmologists' attitudes and behavior with respect to patient expectations and satisfaction are not well understood. Therefore, we under took a study to examine ophthalmologists' attitudes, performance and major determinants of their behavior with respect to managing patient expectations in different settings: public hospitals and private clinics.

The authors refined a previously validated questionnaire to assess ophthalmologists' attitudes and performance with respect to patient expectations and patient satisfaction in public hospitals and private clinics. The authors surveyed ophthalmologists at the Annual Conference of Ocular Microsurgery in Israel.

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Chronicity and Recurrence as Prognostic Factors in Central Serous Chorioretinopathy after Half-Dose Photodynamic Therapy

Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a chorioretinal disorder characterized by serous detachment of the neurosensory retina. The patho physiology remains poorly understood, butchoroidal vascular hyper permeability, and subsequent retinal pigment epithelium(RPE) dysfunction, due to a mechanical hydrostatic stress, seem to be primarily involved in its pathophysiology. 

CSC can present itself in an acute or chronic stage. Although acute CSC resolves spontaneously in most cases, leaving no or minor visual complaints, the persistence of sub- macular fluid or history of recurrence are common. Chronic forms of CSC can evolve with severe and permanent visual loss, which is often associated with recurrent or persistent forms of disease.

Investigation of Electrolyte Changes in Bovine Vitreous at Different Postmortem Interval

Investigation of the changes in electrolyte level in the Bovine vitreous at different postmortem interval under two different temperature conditions. Ninety eight bovine right eyes from freshly slaughtered healthy cows were gotten from the government abattoir in Edo State, Nigeria. 

They were divided into two sets; forty nine right eyes were kept at 32°C while forty nine right eyes were kept at 4°C in a mobile refrigerator. The samples of vitreous were carefully aspirated from the bovine eyes within an hour of death of the animals. Measurements of the levels of cations (sodium and potassium) and anions (chloride and bicarbonate) were taken at various postmortem intervals of 2, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 hours, using E110111 Flame Photometer.

Myelinated Retinal Nerve Fibers in Children: OCT Imaging, Refractive Error and Vision

Myelinated retinal nerve fibers (MRNFs) are developmental anomalies of the retina that appear as white to grey-white striated patches with feathery edges, often distributed around or contiguous with the optic disc and surrounding the vascular arcades. Based on a fundus photography study including 5789 patients, Kodama et al. reported that MRNFs occur in approximately 0.57% of the population, most often involving superior and inferior-temporal per papillary areas. No MRNFs were discovered in the macula, and 7.7% were bilateral.

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Addressing Keratoconus disorder using as permeable lenses

Keratoconus is a progressive corneal disorder resulting in thinning and stiffening of the central and Para central cornea. This would lead to protrusion. Although exact cause of this disorder is not known yet, genetical and environmental causes are considered responsible in causing this corneal disease. Keratoconus can be managed with spectacles and contact lenses in the early stages and it may deman surgical intervention in the advanced stage. However, corneal stability and rehabilitation can be achieved using gas permeable lenses.

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Ocular Surface Temperature and Tear Film Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Concentration in Sjögren Syndrome Patients

Sjogren‘s syndrome (SS) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by polyglandular tissue destruction mainly affecting the salivar and lacrimal glands. Severe dry eye signs,including low tear volume, tear instability, inflammation of the ocular surface tissues and increased corneal staining are the main ocular manifestations of SS. Different diagnostic techniques have been developed to evaluate and diagnose dry eye syndrome; however, many of these test are invasive.

Infrared thermal images have been used in the last decades for measuring the ocular surface temperature, since its main advantage is being a non-invasive test. Another factor, which could influence the ocular surface temperature, is inflammation. o corroborate this relationship between ocular surface temperature and inflammation would be interested to measure another inflammatory molecules and ocular surface temperature in the same visit. Study was performed only in women patients with the aim to avoid any bias due to gender. Central corneal temperature in Sjögren Syndrome patients was higher than in healthy patients.

Superior versus Inferior Conjunctival Autograft Using Fibrin Glue in Management of Primary Pterygium: Clinical and Histopathological Results

Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of the conjunctiva extending across the limbus to invade the cornea at a variable distance. The exposure to ultraviolet rays is a presumed a etiology and hence it is more common in people in countries with hot cimate.

Surgical removal of the pterygium is the permenant treatment; however recurrence is the main issue. Simple excision leads to high rates of recurrence which are reported to be as high as 89%. Free conjunctival autograft which was first described by Kenyon et al. shows a low recurrence rate of 5.3%. Since then, many subsequent studies have found this surgical technique to be safe and effective in reducing the number of recurrences after pterygium surgery.